The Mystery of the Marfa Lights

Drive down an obscure portion of U.S. Route 90 in Texas, about 9 miles east of the city of Marfa, and you'll come to what's likely the only roadside viewing platform dedicated solely to witnessing a mysterious phenomenon. The site is mostly deserted during the day, save for the occasional motorist using the restrooms, but come night, tourists and locals alike converge to stare into the desert and hopefully catch site of a ghostly apparition.

"The Marfa Mystery Lights are visible on many clear nights between Marfa and Paisano Pass as one looks towards the Chinati Mountains," one of the plaques at the site reads. "The lights may appear in various colors as they move about, split apart, melt together, disappear and reappear."

Tales of these mysterious glowing orbs have been circulating around Marfa for as long as people can remember, with the earliest reports first coming in the late 19th century. The first published account came from the San Angelo Times in 1945, with many more following over the next several decades as interest in the phenomenon grew. Marfa, sensing a tourist opportunity, built the viewing station in 1986. As journalist Michael Hall wrote in his excellent in-depth 2006 piece on the phenomenon, "You didn’t have to believe in UFOs to think that something was out there."

What Really Causes the Marfa Lights?

As with anything unexplained, the fun is trying to figure out what exactly the mysterious Marfa Lights are. The most widely accepted explanation is that the lights seen from the viewing station are actually the headlights of vehicles traveling along U.S. Highway 67 in the distance. The bizarre bobbing and shifting patterns of the lights are the result of nighttime mirages caused by sharp temperature gradients. A 2004 on-site study by Society of Physics Students at the University of Texas at Dallas came to that very conclusion after a series of tests over a four-night period.

"All of the mystery lights observed by this group on the nights of 11 and 13 May 2005 can be reliably attributed to automobile headlights traveling along US 67 between Marfa and Presidio, TX," the group reported.

Case solved. Stop the "Unsolved Mysteries" theme music. The phenomenon is no more. The air has been let out of the balloon.

But wait. While nearly everyone agrees that the majority of lights seen from the viewing station are likely caused by cars, locals will add that the true Marfa lights are not as common an occurrence.

Headlights or Something More?

As one former Marfa native revealed in a recent YouTube comment, identifying where U.S. 67 is, and then panning to the left — devoid of any distant highways, cities or towns — will give you a shot at seeing the real phenomenon.

"Now, from that position, anything else that you see that moves up, down, left, right, changes color, splits and merges, or fades and reappears is a Marfa Light — especially if you see multiple lights at once. The real Marfa Lights are NOT headlights, that I know."

I was curious to learn more, and so reached out to James Bunnell, a retired aerospace engineer who has performed the most detailed investigative work into the phenomenon. Bunnell told me that he grew up hearing about the lights as a child, revealing that well before the Society of Physics Students study, his relatives had used surveying equipment to determine that car lights from U.S. 67 were what most people were seeing. Some sightings, however, were harder to explain. A stop at the viewing station in 2000 changed his opinion on the lights completely.

"We had an extraordinary couple of nights that were unexplained and definitely not car lights," he said. "This intrigued and motivated me to start looking into these phenomena. It just got better and better from there. They are rare, but very real-important-physical phenomena."

As documented in his book "Hunting Marfa Lights," Bunnell spent the next eight years conducting field observations, interviews with locals, and collecting more than one hundred photographs. You can see some of the more incredible ones on his website.

"As part of my research, I created three automated monitoring stations, Roofus, Snoopy and Owlbert with a total of nine automated cameras that ran every night for years," he said. "Other people have pontificated and even written books about Marfa Lights but no one has investigated them the way I have, or come even close."

The Hydrogen Plasma Bubble Theory

Bunnell found that while a large majority of the lights could be explained by artificial sources, some 3 percent were something else entirely. In a 2012 paper, he theorized that the lights could be hydrogen plasma bubbles "generated deep underground, either by a Freund electromagnetic anomaly, or else by hot magma." The bubbles then rise to the surface through fault zones, where the a chemical reaction with oxygen generates light. He's currently writing another book on the topic that will delve further into his theories behind the phenomenon.

Other Unexplained Lights

When asked if ghostly lights happen elsewhere in the world, Bunnell listed places like the Hessdalen lights in Norway, Min Min lights of Australia, Brown Mountain lights in North Carolina, and many more. "The one thing all these locations have in common is collision of tectonic plates and therein lies an important clue to be more fully discussed in my next book," he said.

Regardless of their source, the Marfa Lights remain an intriguing mystery that offer a bit of magic in an otherwise barren Texas desert landscape. Whether they're car lights interacting with some atmospheric trickery or a geological quirk, those visiting the viewing station each night can likely attest that the wonder of it all is certainly worth the price of not knowing. In a world filled with absolutes, it's satisfying to see nature still throwing us riddles.