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Here's What Happens to a Tesla Electric Car Battery at the End of its Life

by Michael Graham Richard, Gatineau, Canada on 03.12.08
Cars & Transportation (cars)

Tesla Motors battery recycled

Three years ago, we were already trying to reassure people about hybrid car batteries. There seems to be a lot of myths surrounding them, and now's a good time for a little mythbusting. Tesla has just released information about what happens to its battery packs (pictured above) at the end of their useful lives, and we think it's a good case study.

First, we learn that the cells are manufactured in Japan where there are relatively strict environmental laws, and meet the RoHS standards. They are mostly made of lithium metal oxides with zero lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, PBBs or PBDEs. In fact, there no heavy metals, nor any toxic materials. Tesla says that, by law, its battery cells could be landfilled, though that's not what they actually do.

Tesla Motors battery recycled

There are some exciting potential uses for the [Energy Storage System] ESS in its afterlife. While our ESS is designed to maximize performance and life in our roadster, at some unfortunate point, the ESS will come to the end of its useful life in the application :( . However, it might be possible to use the ESS in other applications. For example, the ESS could be used as a power source for off-grid backup or load leveling. The battery requirements for such an application are not as demanding as a high performance vehicle battery. This being said, eventually the batteries will no longer hold a significant charge and will need to be disposed of.

So the batteries might not go straight from cars to recycling, but when they eventually do, Tesla will be working with Kinsbursky Brothers, Inc.(KBI)/Toxco to:

  • maximize the amount of materials that can be reused
  • maximize the amount of materials that can be recycled
  • minimize energy consumption utilized during the transportation and recycling process

In practice, the cells are sent to a hammer mill that turns them into pulp (second photo in this post). They then separate the elements and re-use what can be re-used (cobalt, aluminum, nickel, and copper, etc).

So the battery pack saves thousands of gallons of gasoline/diesel over the life of the vehicle, it is less toxic than the lead-acid batteries that are in regular cars, and at the end of its life it is recycled (which is more than can be said about most things in our society).

The Tesla, and electric vehicles in general, are certainly not perfect and there's lots of room for improvement. But it's nowhere near as bad as those who think battery packs are toxic waste believe.

::Tesla Blog: Recycling our Non-Toxic Battery Packs

See also: ::The Tesla Roadster: Electric Sports Car, ::Video: Robert Scoble Rides in Tesla Electric Roadster with Elon Musk, ::First Production Electric Tesla Roadster Delivered

Comments (28)

Queue anti-Tesla wingnuts:

"They don't make them here in the US, so they are bad for the environment!"


LOL! :D

jump to top Willy Bio says:

"They don't make them here in the US, so they are bad for the environment!"

It's not like Japan's the least expensive place on the planet. I'm pretty sure that if there were competitive battery factories in the US, Tesla would have considered them.

jump to top Anonymous says:

Hammer mill? That poor little battery....just look at it!

jump to top MY says:

Good to know that the Telsa does not require environmentally destructive roads or bridges to drive on. Also good to know that it does not require land and resources for parking either. Get real.

Stop the greenwashing. Stop giving free press to Tesla.

jump to top Richard Campbell says:

Richard Campbell, you are a hunter-gatherer living in the woods, right?

jump to top James K.T. says:

Quick Richard Campbell get off the internet. Think of the damage you are doing powering your computer.

Of course the big issue with Electric cars is the source of the electricity that is used to charge them, which is dangerous as it's a bit "out of sight, out of mind".

"Of course the big issue with Electric cars is the source of the electricity that is used to charge them, which is dangerous as it's a bit "out of sight, out of mind"."

Indeed, but I've seen some white papers on this. Even powered by coal, electric cars are cleaner than gasoline cars, especially if you consider that most are charged at night when coal plants can't shut down (too long to power back up again) and most electricity is wasted anyway.

In many regions, these cars would be powered by hydro or natural gas, which is cleaner than gasoline. Nuclear too, it could be argued.

and as the grid gets cleaner, so do the cars.

And nothing would keep you to switch to green power via your utility.

Much easier to clean up thousands of power plants than billions of individual cars.

jump to top Anonymous says:

So the batteries might not go straight from cars to recycling, but when they eventually do, Tesla will be working with Kinsbursky Brothers, Inc.(KBI)/Toxco to:


Will be working? I hope they planned out the life-cycle of their byproducts before hand.

jump to top Anonymous says:

"Will be working? I hope they planned out the life-cycle of their byproducts before hand."

I think they mean that they have partnership with them, and that they'll send the batteries to them to be recycled. Not that they'll start thinking about it then..

jump to top Anonymous says:

It is very common in the early commercialization phases of a brilliant sexy new product like the TESLA car to downplay the toxicity risks of certain components.

Allow me to point out the lithium salts are frequently associated with human reproductive hazards, so much so that females of reproductive age (might become pregnant on the job) are excluded from contact with them in the workplace. There is a reason that lithium salts are not given to pregnant females with mental disorders.

Toxicological issues like this are often in dispute, depending on who is making the analysis. The point being we need to know exactly which lithium salts we are speaking of - not the generic term. Additionally, we need to know, if there is a repro hazard of those salts, which low paid immigrant class of laborers will be cleaning up the mess and repairing and operating recycling equipment, washing down floors, etc.

Romantic feelings about cars to no cancel reality.

jump to top JL says:

JL,

if they made the batteries out of potatoes, someone could still say that potato agriculture is bad. Nothing has zero impact, but I'll take lithium salts (which if there really is a risk with the kind they use, we need to address) over thousands and thousands of gallons of gasoline exhausting directly where people live.

jump to top Anonymous says:

"Will be working? I hope they planned out the life-cycle of their byproducts before hand."

I think this article is proof that they're thinking about it already.

jump to top Paul says:

"Of course the big issue with Electric cars is the source of the electricity that is used to charge them, which is dangerous as it's a bit "out of sight, out of mind."

The big issues with electric cars are still cost and range. The Miles XS500 is similar in dimension and capacity to my car and one of the least expensive non-NEV's, but even built at 3rd world labor rates will cost more than my car plus all of the fuel that I will ever put in it. A $30,000 car compact sedan is expensive in the US no matter how cheap it is to make it go.

ICE vehicles, because of their nearly limitless range are also flexible. A year ago an electric car would have served me adequately, but due to an involutary change in circustances, my commute to work has now and will be for several months until I am able to relocate, about 10 times what it was, and between low-population-density areas which are not now nor ever likely to beserved by public transportationand, and occasionally wlll be even more than that even after I relocate. An electric car would not always get me where I need to go every day, and alternatives are not always available.

jump to top gl says:

"The big issues with electric cars are still cost and range."

Indeed. But do you remember how slow and expensive computers were a few short years ago? This is just the beginning, and there are more than enough early adopters for whom $30k is nothing. In fact, there are more than enough early adopters for whom $100k isn't a problem. It's these people that will make the price come down and performance go up for the rest of us.

jump to top Anonymous says:

Sadly, anonymous, it's been proven that batteries follow a far shallower curve than transistors per chip. But don't despair!

GL, the problem of range can be circumvented by another factor: Charge rate. Batteries based on nanophosphate lithium technology have been on the market in smaller applications for over a year now, and they have a C60 discharge rate. That means they can discharge their capacity in 1/60th of an hour, which also means that with an appropriate power supply and charging circuitry you can recharge them at a similar rate.

The Aptera pure electric vehicle being produced later this year is projected to have a 120 mile range. But if a few gas stations along your route added a mains-straight 3-phase high-wattage recharging stand--much cheaper than, say, a hydrogen pump--a 120 mile range would be plenty for a cross-continental trip.

jump to top Steve says:

In regards to 'lithium salts', if its in reference to lithium bicarbonate, the first-line treatment for severe episodes of mania (bipolar disorder), pregnant women should know

"Lithium should not be given during pregnancy without careful weighing of risk versus benefit. Lithium should be used during pregnancy only in severe disease for which safer drugs cannot be used or are ineffective. When possible, lithium should be withdrawn for at least the first trimester unless it is determined that this would seriously endanger the mother."

From: http://www.mentalhealth.com/drug/p30-l02.html

And know that 'Mild adverse effects can occur even if serum lithium levels are 1 mmol/L."

So would individuals handling lithium batteries be exposed 'enough' to have even mild adverse effects?

jump to top brett says:

Richard Campbell could be someone who walks/bikes just about everywhere.

this is not impossible, even in suburbia.

but certainly, what will the environmental impact of the parking spaces be? what about noise pollution? cars are so inefficient in terms of land, money, and time that the mass "private" automobile could only exist as it does today with massive forced government subsidy. if you really want to save the environment, be for privatization of the roads, or at least charging drivers user fees. a "green" car under the current socialist roads is a contradiction in terms.

jump to top jsh [TypeKey Profile Page] says:

Why anyone cares about Tesla batteries per se, when they are in no way associated with Tesla remains an utter mystery. Even more of a mystery is why anyone thinks it has any importance what the Tesla battery pack cells end up doing - these things are totally commercialized and occur in th emillions - the thousands that the Tesla corporation is using is completely insignificant and of no importance. Let's not let green thought devolve into irrelevancies. The general public thinks we're
whacko already for making the Tesla sound important , a car whose production numbers are so tiny that any good effect it might have with a year's production will be wiped out by one hour's production of one of China or India's 15 car brands. The Tesla, quite frankly, is irrelevant. I'm
sick of hearing nonsensical claims to the contrary.
Get real, folks , and stop the hype.

jump to top thomas C gray says:

Yeah, like most of the people that have ever lived or ever will live, I walk and bike almost everywhere. This "age of the automobile" is just a short blip in our history. The rest of the world is investing in high-speed rail and public transit. The US is behind and getting further behind. What is sad is that most don't even realize it. Everyone is too distracted by shiny objects like the Tesla.

Time to give up the fantasy that the electric car will give the automobile a future. There are just too many people for that to be possible. There is probably enough resources on the planet for everyone to have a computer but not enough for everyone to have a car.

jump to top Richard Campbell says:

This is good news for the one Tesla Roadster actually on the road.

jump to top elbobsa [TypeKey Profile Page] says:

thomas, you're missing the big picture.

Yeah, cell phones in the 80s were irrelevant big expensive bricks. Yeah, computers were slow, expensive and irrelevant to most people not long ago.

The Tesla is important because it shows it can be done, done well, and soon their volume will increase quite a bit when they come out with their second and third model (and when other companies come out with their EVs).

What happens to batteries is crucial. The Tesla batteries is just an example.

jump to top Anonymous says:

I work in a town that has NO public transportation. (no trains, no buses no subway) I do not choose to lvie in the town that i work in ebcause i wrok in the mental health field and living in a small town where I know all the mental health issues of the children in the area is not a good idea.
However I'm posting because there are tons of cities like this across the USA (and I even live in Massachusetts, which has a T system which extends through much of the state). People in places like these need to be able to drive to work, adn It is a step forward to have them driving to work in electric cars. Taking steps forward is green. It may not be green at it's absolute best, but this site promotes green initiatives, and steps in the right direction, and not just perfect examples.
The green initiative needs people to start taking steps otherwise it's just going to be people complaining about the inevitable collapse.

jump to top Anonymous says:

This "age of the automobile" is just a short blip in our history. The rest of the world is investing in high-speed rail and public transit. The US is behind and getting further behind.

Actually Richard, the rest of the world is just beginning their automobile revolution. With the introduction of the affordable Tata Nano in India, and the exponential increase of automobiles in places like China, the US will soon be surpassed as the number one car culture country.

I agree that we need a much better rail system, but it's hard to compare the European or Japanese rail systems to ours, when our country is many times larger.

And as for "destructive roads and bridges to drive on" where do you ride your bike? How do you cross bodies of water? Do you hop off and ford the river?

jump to top BWJ says:

thomas C gray - you're right that Tesla uses standard battery technology, but here's an interesting stat: just ten thousand electric cars will need as many batteries as all the laptops produced by Dell in a year. Whether it's Tesla or another manufacturer, it won't take much volume for electric cars to be a major player in the battery market.

jump to top anonymous says:

I'd rather they're built with batteries than with E85, hydrogen or biodiesel. It'll be cleaner, safer, more direct, more efficient and less complicated.

Not as much maintenance involved when there are vastly fewer moving parts. I just wish Tesla would get to mass production instead of screwing around with 300 cars a year.

It would probably drop the price to say, $60,000 USD at which point some members of family would be buying it. I'm personally going straight for my yacht though.

jump to top Dan says:

So now we are worrying about how the Tesla Batteries will eventually be disposed of someday when zero numbers of the car are yet to even hit the road yet? And at their cost only a few hundred will be sold? Meanwhile thousands of gas guzzling co2 spewing cars are sold every day leaking oil and they too have to be disposed of..... c'mon people

jump to top John says:

It seems to me that many comments are from people who are uninformed and rely only on what they read in the press. Or believe they have the correct thought patterns on a subject.What they do not have is the behind the scenes not released new technology. History is full of uninformed people making statements based on their own limited knowledge. Even learned men had wrong opinions. For example.. If man travells faster than 60 miles an hour his heart will stop beating...There is no energy in an atom...etc etc. The electric car is the car of the future, hybrid is over, biofuel cannot produce enough. The Tesla is showing what can be done with electronics. There is less pollution overall producing and disposing of a Tesla type electric car than a conventional car.
Why do people knock new ideas. Its seems us humans have a side of our brain that just loves to be negative. Lets see what happens, my money is on electric.

jump to top ngamoko says:

Too Bad What Goes on at the HammerMill & then Smelting
isn't explained just like how those Metals are handled from Mother Earth to be Used in Those Batteries with Mining Act in Ontario for Example over 100 years OLD
We Thought Some Vetting of these Stories were done before Being here on TreeHugger but alas No as this is the 2nd one We've Checked on in Less than a Month

Time to finally update Ontario's 135-year-old Mining Act Canada

Their six-month jail sentence, imposed by an Ontario Superior Court judge on grounds they were preventing mining exploration on land they claim north of Thunder Bay, has done more to publicize the unfairness ...

- The KI-6 may not be household names in Canada, but the six imprisoned residents from the First Nations community of Kitchenuhamaykoosib Inninuwug in Northern Ontario may well force the provincial government to finally update its 135-year-old Mining ...

Related Topix: Thunder Bay, ON, Canada, Ontario, Joe Handley, Peterborough, ON, North America, World News, Dalton McGuinty

http://www.topix.net/world/canada/2008/04/time-to-finally-update-ontarios-135-year-old-mining-act-canada

http://www.topix.net/world/canada/2008/04

jump to top Greenwashing says:

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